This chapter describes the measuring principles and technological solutions available for in-
situ measurements of liquid (rain) and solid (snow) atmospheric precipitation. They can be …

Standard precipitation measurement techniques are subject to random and systematic
errors, affecting the exact determination of precipitation at ground level. The aim of this study …

This chapter describes and discusses the available catching and non-catching rainfall
measurement instruments (rain gauges) and their main characteristics. Standard calibration …

The aerodynamic response of snow gauges when exposed to the wind is responsible for a
significant reduction of their collection performance. The modifications induced by the gauge …

The RainGaugeQC scheme described in this paper is intended for real-time quality control
of telemetric rain gauge data. It consists of several checks: detection of exceedance of the …

Weather radar can provide spatially explicit precipitation grids. However interference,
ground clutter and various causes of attenuation introduce uncertainty into the result …

The contribution of any single uncertainty factor in the resulting performance of infield rain
gauge measurements still has to be comprehensively assessed due to the high number of …

Tipping bucket rain gauges are the most popular devices for determining rainfall intensity
and precipitation depth. Even though application of a tipping bucket gauge presupposes …

In weather radar applications, the ZR relationship is considered one of the most crucial
factors for providing quality quantitative precipitation estimates. However, the relationship's …

The calibration of tipping bucket rain gauges (TBRs) before installation is an important but
very time-consuming task, especially at low rainfall intensities. To address the time …