Accumulated records of organic microfossils span billions of years of Earth history. The
majority of this record consists of prokaryotes plus eukaryotes of a protistan grade, yet this …

Simple Summary Pain is an unpleasant emotional state that produces behavioural changes
to minimize future tissue damage and promote recovery and survival. These behavioural …

Rickettsia species are endosymbionts hosted by arthropods and are known to cause mild to
fatal diseases in humans. Here, we analyse the evolution and diversity of 34 Rickettsia …

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the science of the history of life.
Paleobiologists bring many analytical tools to bear in interpreting the fossil record and the …

Euarthropoda is one of the best-preserved fossil animal groups and has been the most
diverse animal phylum for over 500 million years. Fossil Konservat-Lagerstätten, such as …

We argue that pain is not needed to protect the body from damage unless the organism is
able to make free choices in action selection. Then pain (including its affective and …

Resolving the early evolution of euarthropods is one of the most challenging problems in
metazoan evolution,. Exceptionally preserved fossils from the Cambrian period have …

Myriapods, including the diverse and familiar centipedes and millipedes, are one of the
dominant terrestrial arthropod groups. Although molecular evidence has shown that …

The rise of arthropods is a decisive event in the history of life. Likely the first animals to have
established themselves on land and in the air, arthropods have pervaded nearly all …

Ediacaran trace fossils provide key paleontological evidence for the evolution of early
animals and their behaviors. Thus far, however, this fossil record has been limited to simple …