Following nature's design principles, biological entities have evolved to be highly efficient
and multifunctional to maximize all the available materials and structures and to survive in …

Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

Horns are used by Bovidae animals for intraspecific combat; as such they are among
Nature's toughest materials that require resistance to extreme loads. As a typical subfamily …

A ubiquitous biological material, keratin represents a group of insoluble, usually high-sulfur
content and filament-forming proteins, constituting the bulk of epidermal appendages such …

A broad diversity of biological organisms and systems interact with soil in ways that facilitate
their growth and survival. These interactions are made possible by strategies that enable …

Nature has a wide range of biological protection strategies that show resilience to impact
loading. These strategies also serve a certain amount of flexibility that contribute to body …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Biological systems must have the capability to withstand impacts generated during collisions
due to combat and defense. Thus, evolution has created complex materials' architectures at …

Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale
hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …