BACKGROUND The success of human societies depends intimately on the living
components of natural and managed systems. Although the geographical range limits of …

This paper shows recent progress in our understanding of climate variability and trends in
the Amazon region, and how these interact with land use change. The review includes an …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

A major concern for the world's ecosystems is the possibility of collapse, where landscapes
and the societies they support change abruptly. Accelerating stress levels, increasing …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

For half a century, the process of economic integration of the Amazon has been based on
intensive use of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources, which has brought …

Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTF s) with significant
carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree …

The impacts of climate extremes on terrestrial ecosystems are poorly understood but
important for predicting carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change. Coupled climate–carbon …

Palaeorecords suggest that the climate system has tipping points, where small changes in
forcing cause substantial and irreversible alteration to Earth system components called …

This paper reviews recent progress in the study and understanding of extreme seasonal
events in the Amazon region, focusing on drought and floods. The review includes a history …