Rapid industrialization, increased waste production and surge in agricultural activities,
mining, contaminated irrigation water and industrial effluents contribute to the contamination …

Cd is the third major contaminant of greatest hazard to the environment after mercury and
lead and is considered as the only metal that poses health risks to both humans and animals …

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one
important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by …

Global mechanization, urbanization, and various natural processes have led to the
increased release of toxic compounds into the biosphere. These hazardous toxic pollutants …

Inorganic nanomaterials are widely used in chemical, electronics, photonics, energy and
medical industries. Preparing a nanomaterial (NM) typically requires physical and/or …

Heavy metal (HM) toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in
plants. A common consequence of HM toxicity is the excessive accumulation of reactive …

The two forms of inorganic arsenic, arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII), are easily taken up
by the cells of the plant root. Once in the cell, AsV can be readily converted to AsIII, the more …

Since the industrial revolution, the production, and consequently the emission of metals, has
increased exponentially, overwhelming the natural cycles of metals in many ecosystems …

Arsenic (As) is an environmental and food chain contaminant. Excessive accumulation of As,
particularly inorganic arsenic (As i), in rice (Oryza sativa) poses a potential health risk to …

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pose a great threat to ecosystems and long-term exposure
causes adverse effects to wildlife and humans. Cadmium induces a variety of diseases …