This paper is based on a survey of 331 private investigators predominantly based or working
in the UK. It offers findings on the background, roles undertaken, tools used and outcomes of …

For years, criminologists have studied the relationship between crime and below-average
intelligence, concluding that offenders usually possess IQ scores of 8 to 10 points below …

Police studies is currently a vibrant and thriving field, albeit one that requires greater
theorisation (Manning, 2010: 106; Skinns, 2012). Its emergence since the 1960s has …

This thoroughly revised second edition draws on the author's decades of observations and
experiences in academia, Written in a clear and concise style, the book provides fully …

This thesis explores the social meanings applied to the carrying and use of knives as a
weapon, by young people living in areas with high rates of knife crime and violence. The …

This chapter considers how harms against nonhuman animals have been documented in
criminological research, associated challenges and implications for future research. The …

Guanxi is a ubiquitous, intricate, and enduring characteristic of Chinese society and
permeates virtually every aspect of Chinese life. Drug policing is no exception. This study …

The pressures to internationalise and globalise research and higher education have created
tensions between local and global influences in several Central Asian (CA) countries …

Scotland has a distinctive youth justice system founded on the welfare ethos of Kilbrandon
and the unique Children's Hearing System. The most recent addition to the youth justice …

This article explores the motivations, actions and experiences of real-life superheroes, those
individuals who adopt a superhero persona inspired by both comic books and films, to …