In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited a major step change in its …

The adaptive immune response is a major determinant of the clinical outcome after SARS-
CoV-2 infection and underpins vaccine efficacy. T cell responses develop early and …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Background Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
provides natural immunity against reinfection. Recent studies have shown waning of the …

The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel
spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the …

A diverse array of successful, first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a huge
role in efforts to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control, even though inequitable …

The global supply of COVID-19 vaccines remains limited. An understanding of the immune
response that is predictive of protection could facilitate rapid licensure of new vaccines. Data …

It has been more than one year since the first case of the coronaviruses was infected by
COVID-19 in China. The world witnessed three waves of the corona virus till now, and more …

The adaptive immune system is important for control of most viral infections. The three
fundamental components of the adaptive immune system are B cells (the source of …

The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma
cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity …