Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

Reproduction is one of the most important phases in an organism's lifecycle. In the case of
angiosperm plants, flowering provides the major developmental transition from the …

Summary The phytohormones, jasmonates (JAs), mediate many plant developmental
processes and their responses to important environmental stresses, such as herbivore …

Hormonal regulation and symbiotic relationships provide benefits for plants to overcome
stress conditions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of exogenous methyl …

Background Plant metabolites are commonly functionally classified, as defense-or growth-
related phytohormones, primary and specialized metabolites, and so forth. Analytical …

Secondary metabolite diversity is considered an important fitness determinant for plants'
biotic and abiotic interactions in nature. This diversity can be examined in two dimensions …

Verticillium dahliae, one of the most destructive fungal pathogens of several crops,
challenges the sustainability of cotton productivity worldwide because very few widely …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of
terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect …

Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion
to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and …

Nectar is one of the key rewards mediating plant–mutualist interactions. In addition to
sugars, nectars often contain many other compounds with important biological functions …