Light-based phototherapy has been developed for cancer treatment owing to its non-
invasiveness and spatiotemporal control. Despite the unique merits of phototherapy, one …

In principle, proton therapy offers a substantial clinical advantage over conventional photon
therapy. This is because of the unique depth-dose characteristics of protons, which can be …

The linear-quadratic model is one of the key tools in radiation biology and physics. It
provides a simple relationship between cell survival and delivered dose:, and has been …

Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia
and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions …

Background Radiotherapy outcomes are limited by toxicity in the healthy tissues
surrounding the irradiated tumor. Recent pre-clinical studies have shown that irradiations …

Radiotherapy with high-energy charged particles has become an attractive therapeutic
option for patients with several tumour types because this approach better spares healthy …

The biological effectiveness of proton beams relative to photon beams in radiation therapy
has been taken to be 1.1 throughout the history of proton therapy. While potentially …

The original rationale for proton therapy was its highly conformal depth‐dose distributions
compared to photons, which allow greater sparing of normal tissues and escalation of tumor …

Radiotherapy should have low toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be very
effective in cell killing in the target region (tumour). In this regard, ions heavier than protons …

The treatment of cancer with proton radiation therapy was first suggested in 1946 followed
by the first treatments in the 1950s. As of 2020, almost 200 000 patients have been treated …