The concept of a digital twin of Earth envisages the convergence of Big Earth Data with
physics-based models in an interactive computational framework that enables monitoring …

As climate change transforms the biosphere, more comprehensive and biologically relevant
measurements of changing conditions are needed. Traditional climate measurements are …

The latest assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
concluded that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was very likely to …

Fine-scale currents, O (1–100 km, days–months), are actively involved in the transport and
transformation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean. However, their overall impact on …

Climate tipping elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tipping points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …

Ocean eddies play a critical role in climate and marine life. In the rapidly warming Arctic, little
is known about how ocean eddy activity will change because existing climate models cannot …

The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling
important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of …

Plastic pollution has been observed throughout the world's oceans and estuaries, whether
floating at the surface, settled in bottom sediments, washed up on beaches, or ingested by …

Interactions between the upper ocean and air-ice-ocean fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a
critical role in global climate by impacting the overturning circulation and oceanic heat and …

Quantifying the strength and efficiency of the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump (BCP)
and its response to predicted changes in the Earth's climate is fundamental to our ability to …