Background Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs)
to establish cell-to-cell communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs …

Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid
pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of …

Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion
and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Subcellular flavonoid transport and its underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly
understood, but are fascinating research frontiers in plant science. Recent studies support …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved regulatory
mechanism for gene expression throughout the domain Eukarya. Recent studies have …

A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants
and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been …

Selection pressure exerted by insects and microorganisms shapes the diversity of plant
secondary metabolites. We identified a metabolic pathway for glucosinolates, known insect …

Argonaute (AGO) proteins are critical components of RNA silencing pathways that bind
small RNAs and mediate gene silencing at their target sites. We found that Arabidopsis …