An assemblage nexus of microorganisms enclosed in a composite extracellular polymeric
matrix is called as a biofilm. The main factor causing biological fouling, or biofouling, is …

Sea anemones are predatory marine invertebrates and have diverse venom arsenals.
Venom is integral to their biology, and is used in competition, defense, and feeding. Three …

Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish) produce toxins that play central roles in key
ecological processes, including predation, defense, and competition, being the oldest extant …

Sea anemones are sessile invertebrates of the phylum Cnidaria and their survival and
evolutive success are highly related to the ability to produce and quickly inoculate venom …

Phylum Cnidaria is an ancient venomous group defined by the presence of cnidae,
specialised organelles that serve as venom delivery systems. The distribution of cnidae …

Phospholipase A2 is the most abundant venom gland enzyme, whose activity leads to the
activation of the inflammatory response by accumulating lipid mediators. This study aimed to …

Comprising approximately 7500 living species of various corals and sea anemones,
Anthozoa ranks among the most ecologically and economically valuable marine taxa …

Neuropeptides are a group of neuronal signaling molecules that regulate physiological and
behavioral processes in animals. Here, we used in silico mining to predict the polypeptide …

Ribbon worms are active predators that use an eversible proboscis to inject venom into their
prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal secretions. Previous work on nemertean …

While the unique symbiotic relationship between anemonefishes and sea anemones is
iconic, it is still not fully understood how anemonefishes can withstand and thrive within the …