Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

Synthesis of proteins with non-canonical amino acids via genetic code expansion is at the
forefront of synthetic biology. Progress in this field has enabled site-specific incorporation of …

Organisms from all domains of life invest a substantial amount of energy for the introduction
of RNA modifications into nearly all transcripts studied to date. Instrumental analysis of RNA …

Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

In conventional RNA high-throughput sequencing, modified bases prevent a large fraction of
tRNA transcripts to be converted into cDNA libraries. Recent proposals aiming at resolving …

The genetic code is the manual that cells use to incorporate amino acids into proteins. It is
possible to artificially expand this manual through cellular, molecular, and chemical …

Suppressor transfer RNAs (sup-tRNAs) are receiving renewed attention for their promising
therapeutic properties in treating genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations …

Transfer RNAs have been extensively explored as the molecules that translate the genetic
code into proteins. At this interface of genetics and biochemistry, tRNAs direct the efficiency …

The genetic code of organisms can be expanded by introducing orthogonal translation
systems (OTSs). One of the most commonly applied OTSs in mammalian cells is the …

The emergence of orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) has facilitated site-specific
incorporation of nsAAs for genetic code expansion (GCE). Engineering novel OTSs for GCE …