Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide modulating digestion, glucose levels,
neurotransmitters and memory. Recent studies suggest that CCK exhibits neuroprotective …

The hippocampus is a crucial brain region involved in the process of forming and
consolidating memories. Memories are consolidated in the brain through synaptic plasticity …

Although fear memory formation is essential for survival and fear-related mental disorders,
the neural circuitry and mechanism are incompletely understood. Here, we utilized trace fear …

For survival, animals encode prominent events in complex environments, which modulates
their defense behavior. Here, we design a paradigm that assesses how a mild aversive cue …

Cholecystokinin (CCK) enables excitatory circuit long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we
investigated its involvement in the enhancement of inhibitory synapses. Activation of GABA …

Depression is the second leading cause of disability in the world population, for which
currently available pharmacological therapies either have poor efficacy or have some …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating medical illness, for which currently
available pharmacotherapies have poor efficacy. Accumulating evidence from clinical and …

Background As one major symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD), anterograde amnesia
describes patients with an inability in new memory formation. The crucial role of the …

Sensory cortical areas are robustly modulated by higher-order cortices. Our previous study
shows that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) can immediately and transiently enhance …

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) often results in spontaneous motor recovery; however, how
disrupted cerebellar circuitry affects PNI-associated motor recovery is unknown. Here, we …