Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza
HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane …

Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and
lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2, 3 and α-
2, 6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to …

Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a
significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within …

Antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) gene limits efforts to
effectively control the spread of the virus in the population. Efforts to understand the …

An influenza pandemic happens when a novel influenza A virus is able to infect and transmit
efficiently to a new, distinct host species. Although the exact timing of pandemics is …

In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were
first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was …

The avian H7N9 influenza outbreak in 2013 resulted from an unprecedented incidence of
influenza transmission to humans from infected poultry. The majority of human H7N9 …

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in
antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions …