Humans consume a wide range of foods, drugs, and dietary supplements that are derived
from plants and which modify the functioning of the central nervous sytem (CNS). The …

Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor
output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct …

Dopamine signaling is implicated in reinforcement learning, but the neural substrates
targeted by dopamine are poorly understood. We bypassed dopamine signaling itself and …

In humans, training in which good performance is rewarded or bad performance punished
results in transient behavioral improvements [1–3]. The relative effects of reward and …

Elucidation of reinforcement mechanisms in associative learning is an important subject in
neuroscience. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to play critical roles in mediating …

We're all familiar with the idea that plant-derived chemicals can have an impact on the
functioning of the human brain. Most of us reach for a cup of coffee or tea in the morning …

The last years have been marked by the attempts to approach the management discipline
from a new, innovative perspective, in accordance with the present times, marked by …

This book takes you on a journey through the brain, its function and its impact on leadership.
The young business field of neuroleadership is founded on the belief that understanding the …

Background In insect classical conditioning, octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart of
noradrenaline) or dopamine has been suggested to mediate reinforcing properties of …

For insects living in an environment where food supplies constantly change, the ability to
learn and to memorize the association of a specific cue with food is indispensable. The …