Environmental exposure plays a major role in the development of allergic diseases. The
exposome can be classified into internal (eg, aging, hormones, and metabolic processes) …

Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is frequently observed in asthma and may have
important implications. The physical barrier function of the airway epithelium is tightly …

Asthma affects an estimated 262 million people worldwide and caused over 461,000 deaths
in 2019. The disease is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, reversible …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow
obstruction in response to a wide range of exogenous stimuli. The airway epithelium is the …

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the
etiological agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has erupted into a global …

As the first line of defense against risk factors, the nasal epithelial barrier maintains
homeostasis in nasal mucosa. The composition of the epithelial barrier contains physical …

Ozone exposure causes irritation, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), inflammation of the airways,
and destruction of alveoli (emphysema), the gas exchange area of the lung in human and …

The apical junctional complexes (AJCs) of airway epithelial cells are a key component of the
innate immune system by creating barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and …

Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular structures which are essential for epithelial barrier
function and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. Epithelium dysfunction and type …

Viral infections and atopic diseases are closely related and contribute to each other. The
physiological deficiencies and immune mechanisms that underlie atopic diseases can result …