Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning
remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is …

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and
gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond …

The present white paper is submitted as part of the “Snowmass” process to help inform the
long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science …

The Aragats Space Environmental Center facilities continuously measure fluxes of neutral
and charged secondary cosmic ray incidents on the Earth's surface. Since 2003 in the 1 …

The Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on the Fermi Gamma‐ray Space Telescope detected
12 intense terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) during its first year of observation. Typical …

Two different hard-radiation phenomena are known to originate from thunderclouds:
terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) and gamma-ray glows. Both involve an avalanche of …

In the present paper, we demonstrate that the exponential expansion of streamers
propagating in fields higher than the critical fields for stable propagation of streamers of a …

As thunderclouds charge, the large‐scale fields may approach the relativistic feedback
threshold, above which the production of relativistic runaway electron avalanches becomes …

Abstract e-ASTROGAM ('enhanced ASTROGAM') is a breakthrough Observatory space
mission, with a detector composed by a Silicon tracker, a calorimeter, and an …

Abstract The Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) was launched to the
International Space Station on 2 April 2018. The ASIM payload consists of two main …