Background The literature on botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) is extensive, often
contradictory, and confounded by a competitive market of products and research attempting …

Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic sporeforming bacteria, is distinguished
by its significant clinical applications as well as its potential to be used as bioterror agent …

The neurotoxins produced by the various strains of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium
botulinum naturally occur associated with complexing proteins which serve to protect the …

An overall picture of the botulinum toxins is provided, linking the recent developments in
their molecular and cellular aspects to the physiological actions. The pathophysiological …

Botulinum neurotoxins contain proteases that cleave specific intra-neural proteins essential
for neurotransmitter release. Toxin types A, E and C1 intra-cellularly cleave SNAP25 …

Botulism is a deadly disease caused by ingestion of the preformed neurotoxin produced
from the anaerobic spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum neurotoxins are …

Dysport?(botulinum type A toxin; BoNT-A) 500 LD50 unit vial was first licensed for clinical
use in 1990. Inter-batch reproducibility and comparability of the Dysport toxin …

The pharmacological properties of Dysport® that influence toxin action are reviewed and
compared with other botulinum toxin products. In particular, the subject of diffusion is …

Gram-positive bacteria are ancient organisms. Many bacteria, including Gram-positive
bacteria, produce toxins to manipulate the host, leading to various diseases. While the …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) constitute a family of seven structurally similar but
antigenically distinct proteins produced by different strains of Clostridium botulinum. Type A …