Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

The development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs has led to the
addition of approximately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design,
have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although …

One major challenge in nanomedicine is the selective delivery of nanoparticles to diseased
tissues. Nanoparticle delivery systems require targeting for specific delivery to pathogenic …

In recent years, a number of bioorthogonal reactions have been developed, exemplified by
click chemistry, that enable the efficient formation of a specific product, even within a highly …

Designer amino acids, beyond the canonical 20 that are normally used by cells, can now be
site-specifically encoded into proteins in cells and organisms. This is achieved …

The ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids beyond the common 20 has allowed
unprecedented control over the chemical structures of recombinantly expressed proteins …

The goal of xenobiology is to design biological systems endowed with unusual biochemical
functions, whereas enzymology concerns the study of enzymes, the workhorses of …

The surface of a cell represents a collection of macromolecules, which provides the cell with
a unique cellular landscape specific to the type and state of the cell. Ligands that …