Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became …

Pathogenic human coronaviruses (CoVs), such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS)-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome–CoV, cause acute respiratory …

In addition to determining biological sex, sex hormones are known to influence health and
disease via regulation of immune cell activities and modulation of target-organ susceptibility …

One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more
frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the …

Testosterone is the predominant gonadal androgen in men. Low testosterone levels are
found to be associated with an increased in metabolic risk and systematic inflammation …

Androgens are an important and diverse group of steroid hormone molecular species. They
play varied functional roles, such as the control of metabolic energy fate and partition, the …

Testosterone is a key hormone in the pathology of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Low
testosterone levels are associated with increased fat mass (particularly central adiposity) …

Females have generally more robust immune responses than males for reasons that are not
well-understood. Here we used a systems analysis to investigate these differences by …