General anaesthesia is usually considered to safely induce a reversible brain state allowing
the performance of surgery under optimal conditions. An increasing number of clinical and …

In the past 2 decades, it has become evident that individuals born with congenital heart
disease (CHD) are at risk of developing life-long neurological deficits. Multifactorial risk …

Background In laboratory animals, exposure to most general anaesthetics leads to
neurotoxicity manifested by neuronal cell death and abnormal behaviour and cognition …

Background Preclinical data suggest that general anaesthetics affect brain development.
There is mixed evidence from cohort studies that young children exposed to anaesthesia …

Importance The results of preclinical studies suggest that anesthetic drugs administered to
neonatal animals cause widespread neuronal apoptosis and later neurocognitive …

Background Exposure of the fetal or neonatal non-human primate (NHP) brain to isoflurane
or ketamine for 5 h causes widespread apoptotic degeneration of neurones, and exposure …

Although previously considered entirely reversible, general anaesthesia is now being
viewed as a potentially significant risk to cognitive performance at both extremes of age. A …

Background Experimental evidence correlates anesthetic exposure during early
development with neuronal and glial injury and death, as well as behavioral and cognitive …

Background: The authors have previously shown that exposure of the neonatal nonhuman
primate (NHP) brain to isoflurane for 5 h causes widespread acute apoptotic degeneration of …

Background Retrospective studies in humans have shown a higher prevalence of learning
disabilities in children that received multiple exposures to general anesthesia before the age …