Recent experiments in vivo and in vitro have advanced our understanding of the sites and
mechanisms involved in mammalian respiratory rhythm generation. Here we evaluate and …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …

Inspiration and active expiration are commonly viewed as antagonistic phases of a unitary
oscillator that generates respiratory rhythm. This view conflicts with observations we report …

The preBötzinger Complex (preBötC), a compact medullary region essential for generating
normal breathing rhythm and pattern, is the kernel of the breathing central pattern generator …

Central congenital hypoventilation syndrome is caused by mutations of the gene that
encodes the transcription factor Phox2b. The syndrome is characterized by a severe form of …

The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing must ultimately encompass all the various
neuronal elements physiologically identified in brainstem respiratory circuits and their …

The respiratory system is continuously modulated by numerous aminergic and peptidergic
substances that act at all levels of integration: from the sensory level to the level of central …

The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains candidate central chemoreceptors that have
extensive dendrites within the marginal layer (ML). This study describes the axonal …

The pre-Bötzinger complex has been identified as an essential part of the medullary
respiratory network in mammals. Although well described in experimental animals, its …

Heart rate and blood pressure oscillate in phase with respiratory activity. A component of
these oscillations is generated centrally, with respiratory neurons entraining the activity of …