Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in
dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms …

Herein we summarize important discoveries made over many years about Leydig cell
function and regulation. Fetal Leydig cells produce the high levels of androgen (testosterone …

The platinum drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, prevail in the treatment of cancer,
but new platinum agents have been very slow to enter the clinic. Recently, however, there …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), being the number one in terms of dementia burden, is an
insidious age-related neurodegenerative disease and is presently considered a global …

Microglia have a variety of functions in the brain, including synaptic pruning, CNS repair and
mediating the immune response against peripheral infection. Microglia rapidly become …

Spermatogenesis is an extraordinary complex process. The differentiation of spermatogonia
into spermatozoa requires the participation of several cell types, hormones, paracrine …

The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner
mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP) …

Microglia and astrocytes play essential roles in the central nervous system contributing to
many functions including homeostasis, immune response, blood–brain barrier maintenance …

The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein located in the outer
mitochondrial membrane. TSPO binding, as measured with positron emission tomography …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …