Atherogenesis, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, is a complex process that involves
several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, neovascularization, vascular …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease resulting in the hardening and thickening of the
wall of arteries and the formation of plaques, which comprise immune cells, mesenchymal …

Aging can be seen as process characterized by accumulation of oxidative stress induced
damage. Oxidative stress derives from different endogenous and exogenous processes, all …

The thioredoxin (Trx) system comprises Trx, truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, and
NADPH, besides a natural Trx inhibitor, the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP). This …

Persistent oxidative stress is one of the major causes of most lifestyle-related diseases,
cancer and the aging process. Acute oxidative stress directly causes serious damage to …

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are a major cell population of the pannus that invades
cartilage and bone in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). FLS resistance to apoptosis is a major …

Mitochondria are organelles with highly dynamic ultrastructure maintained by flexible fusion
and fission rates governed by Guanosine Triphosphatases (GTPases) dependent proteins …

Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a
master regulator of cellular energy metabolism that is associated with many cardiovascular …

Obesity is not necessarily a predisposing factor for disease. It is the handling of fat and/or
excessive energy intake that encompasses the linkage of inflammation, oxidation, and …

Accumulating evidence shows that metformin is an insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug
widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can exert favorable …