Chloroplasts are plant organelles that carry out photosynthesis, produce various
metabolites, and sense changes in the external environment. Given their endosymbiotic …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living
organisms. Understanding the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants …

Plants need to cope with complex environments throughout their life cycle. Abiotic stresses,
including drought, cold, salt and heat, can cause a reduction in plant growth and loss of crop …

Chloroplasts are integral to sensing biotic and abiotic stress in plants, but their role in
transducing Ca2+-mediated stress signals remains poorly understood,. Here we identify …

Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to cope with drought, which involve massive
changes in nuclear gene expression. However, little is known about the roles of post …

Chloroplasts and photosynthesis are the physiologically fateful arenas of salinity stress.
Morphological and anatomical alterations in the leaf tissue, ultrastructural changes in the …

The response of plants to the spaceflight environment and microgravity is still not well
understood, although research has increased in this area. Even less is known about plants' …

The inner-envelope K+ EFFLUX ANTIPORTERS (KEA) 1 and 2 are critical for chloroplast
development, ion homeostasis, and photosynthesis. However, the mechanisms by which …

Translation of mRNAs into proteins is a universal process and ribosomes are the molecular
machinery that carries it out. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm …

The hyperphosphorylated nucleotides guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate
[together referred to as (p) ppGpp, or 'magic spot'] orchestrate a signalling cascade in …