Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being
passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and …

The gut microbiome is a key regulator of bone health that affects postnatal skeletal
development and skeletal involution. Alterations in microbiota composition and host …

After discovering that lack of Sost/sclerostin expression is the cause of the high bone mass
human syndromes Van Buchem disease and sclerosteosis, extensive animal …

Low bone mass and strength lead to fragility fractures, for example, in elderly individuals
affected by osteoporosis or children with osteogenesis imperfecta. A decade ago, rare …

Few investigators think of bone as an endocrine gland, even after the discovery that
osteocytes produce circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 that targets the kidney and …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through
multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net …

Sclerostin is a product of mature osteocytes embedded in mineralised bone and is a
negative regulator of bone mass and osteoblast differentiation. While evidence suggests that …

Although bone responds to its mechanical environment, the cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying the response of the skeleton to mechanical unloading are not …

Over the past three decades, the mainstay of treatment for osteoporosis has been
antiresorptive agents (such as bisphosphonates), which have been effective with continued …

The processes of bone growth, modeling, and remodeling determine the structure, mass,
and biomechanical properties of the skeleton. Dysregulated bone resorption or bone …