Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)—a system of ocean currents in the
North Atlantic—has a major impact on climate, yet its evolution during the industrial era is …

Government policies currently commit us to surface warming of three to four degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels by 2100, which will lead to enhanced ice-sheet melt. Ice-sheet …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

Climate projections suggest a weakening or collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC) under global warming, with evidence that a slowdown is already …

The notion that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) can have more than
one stable equilibrium emerged in the 1980s as a powerful hypothesis to explain rapid …

Mesoscale ocean eddies, an important element of the climate system, impact ocean
circulation, heat uptake, gas exchange, carbon sequestration and nutrient transport. Much of …