Emotions play an important role in the learning process. Considering the learner's emotions
is essential for electronic learning (e-learning) systems. Some researchers have proposed …

Abstract Facial Action Coding System is the most influential sign judgment method for facial
behavior, and it is a comprehensive and anatomical system which could encode various …

Automatic affect analysis has attracted great interest in various contexts including the
recognition of action units and basic or non-basic emotions. In spite of major efforts, there …

Video based facial expression recognition has been a long standing problem and attracted
growing attention recently. The key to a successful facial expression recognition system is to …

This paper introduces an accurate and robust facial expression recognition (FER) system.
For feature extraction, the proposed FER system employs stepwise linear discriminant …

In this paper, multimodal learning for facial expression recognition (FER) is proposed. The
multimodal learning method makes the first attempt to learn the joint representation by …

This paper presents a constructive training algorithm for Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP)
applied to facial expression recognition applications. The developed algorithm is composed …

Most work in automatic facial expression analysis seeks to detect discrete facial actions. Yet,
the meaning and function of facial actions often depends in part on their intensity. We …

A key issue regarding feature extraction is the capability of a technique to extract distinctive
features to represent facial expressions while requiring a low computational complexity. In …

This article proposes an efficient automated method for facial expression recognition based
on the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) descriptor. This subject-independent method …