Complement and Toll‐like receptors (TLR s) play key roles in the host immune response
and are swiftly activated by infection or other types of immunological stress. This review …

Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the tooth-
supporting tissues. Current therapies are not effective for all patients and this oral disease …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a perennial
herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as purple conical flower. It was widely used to …

Intestinal ischemia followed by reperfusion leads to local and remote organ injury attributed
to inflammatory response during the reperfusion phase. The extent to which ischemia …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) help fight infection by promoting direct bacterial killing or
indirectly by modulating the acute phase response, thereby decreasing tissue injury. Recent …

It is well understood that multiple antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are constitutively deployed
by the epithelium to bolster the innate defenses along the entire length of the intestines. In …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune‐mediated inflammatory disease of
the intestine that includes both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and afflicts nearly 1 …

Objective Perianal Crohn's disease (pCD) occurs in up to 40% of patients with CD and is
associated with poor quality of life, limited treatment responses and poorly understood …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, affecting
extraintestinal organs and significantly increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite early …

The development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves the breakdown of two
barriers: the epithelial barrier and the gut-vascular barrier (GVB). The destabilization of each …