This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet—including its structure, cell composition,
development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key …

Initially discovered as an impurity in insulin preparations, our understanding of the
hyperglycaemic hormone glucagon has evolved markedly over subsequent decades. With …

BACKGROUND Proglucagon can be processed to glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) within
the islet, but its contribution to islet function in humans remains unknown. We sought to …

In type 1 diabetes, the reduced glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia has
been used to argue that β-cell secretion of insulin is required for the full glucagon …

Insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets are regulated by systemic cues and, locally, by
adjacent islet hormone-producing 'non-β-cells'(namely α-cells, δ-cells and γ-cells). Yet …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia secondary to the decline
of functional beta-cells and is usually accompanied by a reduced sensitivity to insulin …

Peptide hormones are first produced as larger precursor prohormones that require
endoproteolytic cleavage to liberate the mature hormones. A structurally conserved but …

Obesity is a pathophysiological condition where excess free fatty acids (FFA) target and
promote the dysfunctioning of insulin sensitive tissues and of pancreatic β cells. This leads …

Insulin secretion by β-cells is largely controlled by circulating nutrients, hormones, and
neurotransmitters. However, recent years have witnessed the multiplication of studies …

Blood glucose homeostasis requires proper function of pancreatic islets, which secrete
insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from the β-, α-and δ-cells respectively. Each islet cell …