The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood.
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic …

Inflammation is the process by which an organism responds to tissue injury involving both
immune cell recruitment and mediator release. Diverse causes of neuropathic pain are …

Immune cells and glia interact with neurons to alter pain sensitivity and to mediate the
transition from acute to chronic pain. In response to injury, resident immune cells are …

Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves results in the loss of neural functions. Recovery by
regeneration depends on the cellular and molecular events of Wallerian degeneration that …

Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine
because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of …

Nociceptive pain results from the detection of intense or noxious stimuli by specialized high-
threshold sensory neurons (nociceptors), a transfer of action potentials to the spinal cord …

In a large proportion of individuals nervous system damage may lead to a debilitating
chronic neuropathic pain. Such pain may now be considered a neuro-immune disorder …

Autoreactive inflammatory CD4+ T cells, such as T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 subtypes, have
been found to associate with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand …

Persistent pain is a sequela of several neurological conditions with a primary immune basis,
such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, diverse forms of injury …

In this review, we first provide a brief historical perspective, discussing how peripheral nerve
injury (PNI) may have caused World War I. We then consider the initiation, progression, and …