The integrated stress response (ISR) is a highly conserved biochemical pathway involved in
maintaining proteostasis and cell health in the face of diverse stressors. In this Review, we …

Dystonia is a disabling movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures or patterned
and repetitive movements due to co-contraction of muscles in proximity to muscles desired …

This review provides an overview of the synaptic dysfunctions of neuronal circuits and
underlying neurochemical alterations observed in the hyperkinetic movement disorders …

DYT1 dystonia is a hereditary neurologic movement disorder characterized by
uncontrollable muscle contractions. It is caused by a heterozygous mutation in Torsin A …

One of the great mysteries in dystonia pathophysiology is the role of environmental factors in
disease onset and development. Progress has been made in defining the genetic …

Intracerebral recordings from movement disorders patients undergoing deep brain
stimulation have allowed the identification of pathophysiological patterns in oscillatory …

Clinical and experimental data indicate striatal cholinergic dysfunction in dystonia, a
movement disorder typically resulting in twisted postures via abnormal muscle contraction …

TOR1A is the most common inherited form of dystonia with still unclear pathophysiology and
reduced penetrance of 30–40%.∆ ETorA rats mimic the TOR1A disease by expression of the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), a member of the TLR family, plays an important role in
the initiation and regulation of immune/inflammation response, which is a critical mechanism …

The relationship between genotype and phenotype in DYT-TOR1A dystonia as well as the
associated motor circuit alterations are still insufficiently understood. DYT-TOR1A dystonia …