Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic, chronic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and
elevated blood glucose levels. Although a large drug portfolio exists to keep the blood …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle of eukaryotic cells. Its main
functions include protein synthesis, proper protein folding, protein modification, and the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not only responsible for protein synthesis and folding but
also plays a critical role in sensing cellular stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Plants are a natural treasure trove; their secondary
metabolites participate in several pharmacological processes, making them a crucial …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are noxious to cells because their increased level interacts
with the body's defense mechanism. These species also cause mutations and uncontrolled …

Cellular homeostasis is essential for healthy functioning of cells and tissues as well as
proper organ development and maintenance. A disruption in cellular homeostasis triggers …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide.
It is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and is characterized by a high intrinsic drug …

Abstract Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) protects against neuronal apoptosis
induced by cerebral ischemia. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the …

Gaseous molecules have been increasingly explored for therapeutic development. Here,
following an analytical background introduction, a systematic review of medical gas …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress (OS) are often related states in cells
as part of normal physiology but more frequently manifested in the pathophysiology of many …