When helper T (TH) cell polarization was initially described three decades ago, the TH cell
universe grew dramatically. New subsets were described based on their expression of few …

New therapies that promote antitumour immunity have been recently developed. Most of
these immunomodulatory approaches have focused on enhancing T-cell responses, either …

Background Anti-TNF drugs are effective treatments for the management of Crohn's disease
but treatment failure is common. We aimed to identify clinical and pharmacokinetic factors …

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are crucial for the control of infections
and malignancies. NK cells express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that …

A knowledge of the historic and philosophical background gives that kind of independence
from prejudices of his generation from which most scientists are suffering. This …

The ability of tumors to manage an immune‐mediated attack has been recently included in
the “next generation” of cancer hallmarks. In solid tumors, the microenvironment that is …

The classical model of immunity posits that the immune system reacts to pathogens and
injury and restores homeostasis. Indeed, a century of research has uncovered the means …

The functional capacities of natural killer (NK) cells differ within and between individuals,
reflecting considerable genetic variation.'Licensing/arming','disarming', and 'tuning'are …

Highlights•CD8+ T cells and NK cells are both cytotoxic cells with engineering potential.•NK
cells are comparable to CD8+ T cells but far less understood.•Cancer immunotherapies …

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that hold tremendous potential for effective
immunotherapy for a broad range of cancers. Due to the mode of NK cell killing, requiring …