Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Phytohormones are ubiquitously involved in plant biological processes and regulate cellular
signaling pertaining to unheralded environmental cues, such as salinity, drought, extreme …

The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and external atmosphere is governed by
stomatal conductance (gs); therefore, stomata play a critical role in photosynthesis and …

The free radicals along with several reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen
species (RNS) are known to play a dual role in the biological living system which carries a …

Abstract Phytohormones, including jasmonates (JAs), gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid,
and auxin, integrate endogenous developmental cues with environmental signals to …

Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients,
potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell …

Photosynthesis is not only essential for plants, but it also sustains life on Earth.
Phytohormones play crucial roles in developmental processes, from organ initiation to …

Plants are constantly challenged by various abiotic stresses that negatively affect growth
and productivity worldwide. During the course of their evolution, plants have developed …

Jasmonates (JAs) and ethylene (ET), often acting cooperatively, play essential roles in
regulating plant defense against pests and pathogens. Recent research reviewed here has …

As a consequence of a sessile lifestyle, plants are continuously exposed to changing
environmental conditions and often life-threatening stresses caused by exposure to …