Microplastic (MP) pollution is of great environmental concern. MPs have been found all over
the Earth, including in the poles, which is indicative for the important threat they constitute …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

Accelerated mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet leads to glacier retreat and an
increasing input of glacial meltwater to the fjords and coastal waters around Greenland …

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other region on the planet, and the northern Barents
Sea, including the Svalbard Archipelago, is experiencing the fastest temperature increases …

Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to
anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream …

In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or
transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone …

The distribution of marine plastic litter is unequal around the world, some areas being more
polluted. Given that the Arctic is not a highly populated area, very low levels of plastics are …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Glacier change is ubiquitous, but the fastest and largest magnitude changes occur in
glaciers that terminate in water. This includes the most rapidly retreating glaciers, and also …

Climate warming is rapidly altering marine ecosystems towards a more temperate state on
the European side of the Arctic. However, this “Atlantification” has rarely been confirmed, as …