Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to
various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease …

Cytokines are key mediators of immune responses that can modulate the antitumor activity
of immune cells. Cytokines have been explored as a promising cancer immunotherapy …

Abstract Background Multiple anti-PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint monoclonal antibodies (MAb)
have shown clear evidence of clinical benefit. All except one have been designed or …

Cancer immunotherapy has recently generated much excitement after the continuing
success of the immunomodulating anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies against various …

Cytokines regulate virtually aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including the initiation,
execution and extinction of tumor-targeting immune responses. Over the past three decades …

Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses, making them attractive targets for
autoimmune diseases and cancer therapeutics. Yet, the significance of cytokine …

Cytokines are immune modulators which can enhance the immune response and have
been proven to be an effective class of immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the clinical use of …

Cancer is the most acute disease and the leading cause of patient death worldwide. Both
chemotherapy and molecular-based therapies play an important role in curing cancer …

Background Currently, cytokine therapy for cancer has demonstrated efficacy in certain
diseases but is generally accompanied by severe toxicity. The field of antibody-cytokine …