Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the
global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes …

To counteract the rising greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2, the European steel
industry needs to restructure the current process route for steel production. Globally, the …

In the world of ever-increasing demand for carbon-free steel, hydrogen and recycling have
an undeniable role in achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions for the steel industry …

Hydrogen-based direct reduction is a promising technology for CO2 lean steelmaking. The
electric arc furnace is the most relevant aggregate for processing direct reduced iron (DRI) …

Carbon-rich sources, such as coal and carbon monoxide gas, have been extensively used
in the metal industry as the reducing agent of metal oxides and as the energy source for …

Reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), especially CO2, is necessary to counteract climate
change. The European steel industry currently corresponds to 5.7% of the total EU …

The imperative to achieve a climate-neutral industry necessitates CO2-free alternatives for
H2 production. Recent developments suggest that plasma technology holds promise in this …

The production of ferronickel through conventional methods results in substantial CO 2
emissions. To mitigate CO 2 impact, using hydrogen gas as a reductant in Hydrogen Plasma …

Abstract The European Green Deal has set a target for Europe to achieve net-zero
greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, necessitating a transition to more sustainable energy …

The processing of limonite-type lateritic nickel ore through sulfuric acid leaching generates
leaching residue that requires careful handling and treatment. This residue, which contains …