It has been 70 years since Donald Hebb published his formalized theory of synaptic
adaptation during learning. Hebb's seminal work foreshadowed some of the great …

Highlights•Dopamine neurons coding opposite value are segregated in the fly
brain.•Dopamine neurons representing reward type innervate discrete mushroom body …

Making inferences about the computations performed by neuronal circuits from synapse-
level connectivity maps is an emerging opportunity in neuroscience. The mushroom body …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

While sleeping, many vertebrate groups alternate between at least two sleep stages: rapid
eye movement and slow wave sleep,,–, in part characterized by wake-like and synchronous …

Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) are active, resourceful predators with a
rich behavioural repertoire. They have the largest nervous systems among the invertebrates …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Synaptic connectivity varies widely across neuronal types. Cerebellar granule cells receive
five orders of magnitude fewer inputs than the Purkinje cells they innervate, and cerebellum …

How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

Memories are stored in the fan-out fan-in neural architectures of the mammalian cerebellum
and hippocampus and the insect mushroom bodies. However, whereas key plasticity occurs …