Equipped with a mini brain smaller than one cubic millimeter and containing only 950,000
neurons, honeybees could be indeed considered as having rather limited cognitive abilities …

Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor
output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct …

Although eusociality evolved independently within several orders of insects, research into
the molecular underpinnings of the transition towards social complexity has been confined …

In nature, animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from
different sensory modalities, such as smells and colors. It is unclear, however, how distinct …

Biogenic amines, such as serotonin and dopamine, can be important in reinforcing
associative learning. This function is evident as changes in memory performance with …

Tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the ultimate and proximate
mechanisms underlying social behavior, yet an integrative evolutionary analysis of its …

Invertebrates have contributed greatly to our understanding of associative learning because
they allow learning protocols to be combined with experimental access to the nervous …

Biogenic amines are a collection of endogenous molecules that play pivotal roles as
neurotransmitters and hormones. In addition to the “classical” biogenic amines resulting …

Motile animals actively seek out and gather resources they find rewarding, and this is an
extremely powerful organizer and motivator of animal behavior. Mammalian studies have …

Avoiding toxins in food is as important as obtaining nutrition. Conditioned food aversions
have been studied in animals as diverse as nematodes and humans [1, 2], but the neural …