Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are common clinical syndromes diagnosed in
the absence of biochemical, structural, or metabolic abnormalities. They account for …

Purpose of review The goal of this review is to review the current status of prokinetics and to
place it in historical context. Impaired motility and thus propulsion have long been thought to …

Poor aqueous solubility besides extensive hepatic first effect significantly decreases the oral
absorption of levosulpiride, which in turn minimizes its therapeutic effectiveness. Niosomes …

Levosulpiride is a substituted benzamide that is widely used for the management of
dyspepsia and emesis. However, little is known about levosulpiride‐induced movement …

Purpose: High circulating levels of the hormone prolactin (PRL) protect against experimental
diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to the retinal accumulation of vasoinhibin, a PRL fragment that …

Hyperprolactinemia represents a multifaceted endocrine disorder with both physiological
and pathological causes. The increased use of anti-psychotic and anti-depressant …

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are potentially
blinding, microvascular retinal diseases in people with diabetes mellitus. Preclinical studies …

Abstract Background/Objective The prokinetic levosulpiride elevates vasoinhibin levels in
the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) suggesting clinical …

Context: Levosulpiride (LSP) is a hydrophobic benzamide derivative used in the treatment of
schizophrenia. SNEDDS were extensively practiced for systemic delivery of poorly aqueous …

Background Prokinetics are a class of pharmacological drugs designed to improve
gastrointestinal (GI) motility, either regionally or across the whole gut. Each drug has its …