To account for the complex genetics, the developmental biology, and the late
adolescent/early adulthood onset of schizophrenia, the “two-hit” hypothesis has gained …

Infants and children are not little adults. They are uniquely vulnerable to environmental
toxicants. To protect infants and children against toxicants, the National Research Council in …

Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth
defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in …

Either an excess or a deficiency of vitamin A and related compounds (retinoids) causes
abnormal morphological development (teratogenesis). Potential retinoid sources come from …

Isotretinoin is a very effective medication for the treatment of severe recalcitrant acne.
However, its use is associated with many side effects, some of which can be very serious …

Scientific knowledge in recent years has demonstrated that children are a vulnerable
population subgroup with special susceptibilities and unique exposures to environmental …

The objective of the review is to determine whether preformed vitamin A (retinol and retinyl
esters) is teratogenic at dosages commonly used by women living in industrialized …

Background: Exposure in utero to certain medications can disrupt processes of fetal
development, including brain development, leading to a continuum of neurodevelopmental …

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous follicles commonly
affecting adolescents and young adults. This disease has a profound psychological impact …

Abstract Topical tretinoin (Retin‐A®) is used to treat acne and photodamaged skin. Its
teratogenic potential is of concern due to its similarity to isotretinoin (Accutane®), a …