Background Anxiety and related disorders are among the most common mental disorders,
with lifetime prevalence reportedly as high as 31%. Unfortunately, anxiety disorders are …

Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the …

The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that
coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2–3% of the population and is
characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or …

Exposure-based treatments for clinical anxiety generally are very effective, but relapse is not
uncommon. Likewise, laboratory studies have shown that conditioned fears are easy to …

Objective The authors examined the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure augmented with
d-cycloserine or alprazolam, compared with placebo, in reducing posttraumatic stress …

Delay discounting describes the devaluation of a reinforcer as a function of the delay until its
receipt. Although all people discount delayed reinforcers, one consistent finding is that …

This revision of the 2005 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines for the
evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders provides an update on key …