▪ Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) was discovered 50 years ago as a molecule that
promoted the survival and differentiation of sensory and sympathetic neurons. Its roles in …

Publisher Summary The chapter introduces the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
(MAPK) module. The identification of MAP kinase pathways exemplifies the power of …

The TIGAR protein has antioxidant activity that supports intestinal tissue repair and
adenoma development. Using a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) model, we …

PD 098059 has been shown previously to inhibit the dephosphorylated form of mitogen-
activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MAPKK1) and a mutant MAPKK1 (S217E, S221E), which …

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3/Flt4) binds two known members of
the VEGF ligand family, VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D, and has a critical function in the remodelling …

The sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1–phosphate (SPP) has been implicated as a
second messenger in cell proliferation and survival. However, many of its biological effects …

Adult human mesenchymal stem cells are primary, multipotent cells capable of
differentiating to osteocytic, chondrocytic, and adipocytic lineages when stimulated under …

Cell interaction with adhesive proteins or growth factors in the extracellular matrix initiates
Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling. Evidence is provided that MAP …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is thought to be essential in cellular growth
and differentiation. Here we report the discovery of a highly potent and selective inhibitor of …

We have recently identified an internal tandem duplication of the human Flt3 gene in
approximately 20% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. In the present study, the wild …