The evolving mosaic of tectonic plates across the surface of the Earth sets boundary
conditions for the evolution of biotic and abiotic processes and helps shape the dynamics of …

The evolution of the Northern Hemisphere oceanic gateways has facilitated ocean
circulation changes and may have influenced climatic variations in the Cenozoic time (66 …

We present an updated oceanic crustal age grid and a set of complementary grids including
spreading rate, asymmetry, direction, and obliquity. Our data set is based on a selected set …

GPlates is an open‐source, cross‐platform plate tectonic geographic information system,
enabling the interactive manipulation of plate‐tectonic reconstructions and the visualization …

Reconstructions of coupled carbon, oxygen, and sulfur cycles rely heavily on sedimentary
pyrite sulfur isotope compositions (δ34Spyr). With a model of sediment diagenesis, paired …

Retrograde clay mineral reactions (reverse weathering), including glauconite formation, are
first-order controls on element sequestration in marine sediments. Here, we report …

The sedimentary rock record suggests that global sea levels may have fluctuated by
hundreds of meters throughout Phanerozoic times. Long-term (10–80 Myr) sea level change …

Carbon is a key control on the surface chemistry and climate of Earth. Significant volumes of
carbon are input to the oceans and atmosphere from deep Earth in the form of degassed …

Long-term variations in eustatic sea level in an ice-free world, which existed through most of
the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic eras, are partly driven by changes in the volume of ocean …

Diatoms are a major primary producer in the modern oceans and play a critical role in the
marine silica cycle. Their rise to dominance is recognized as one of the largest shifts in …