Antibody responses are essential for protection against influenza virus infection. Humans
are exposed to a multitude of influenza viruses throughout their lifetime and it is clear that …

Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza
HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane …

Current yearly seasonal influenza vaccines primarily induce an antibody response directed
against the immunodominant but continually diversifying hemagglutinin (HA) head region …

Currently available influenza virus vaccines have inadequate effectiveness and are
reformulated annually due to viral antigenic drift. Thus, development of a vaccine that …

Current influenza vaccines provide limited protection against circulating influenza A viruses.
A universal influenza vaccine will eliminate the intrinsic limitations of the seasonal flu …

Influenza virus infection is an ongoing health and economic burden causing epidemics with
pandemic potential, affecting 5–30% of the global population annually, and is responsible …

Influenza virus infections pose a significant threat to public health due to annual seasonal
epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza is also associated with significant economic …

Influenza virus evolves rapidly to constantly escape from natural immunity. Most humoral
immune responses to influenza virus target the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, which is …

INTRODUCTION Annual influenza epidemics and episodic pandemics continue to cause
widespread illness and mortality. Strategies to prevent and treat acute influenza infection …

Gram-negative bacteria naturally produce and secrete nanosized outer membrane vesicles
(OMVs). In the human gastrointestinal tract, OMVs produced by commensal Gram-negative …