This work presented a literature review on animal species and individual identification tools,
as well as animal monitoring capabilities. We gathered the literature to cover different …

The status of many carnivore populations is of growing concern to scientists and
conservationists, making the need for data pertaining to carnivore distribution, abundance …

Numerous techniques have been proposed to estimate carnivore abundance and density,
but few have been validated against populations of known size. We used a density estimate …

Efficient and effective monitoring methods are required to assess population status and
gauge efficacy of conservation actions for threatened species. Here we review the spectrum …

Apex predator populations are in decline around the world. Many exist at low density and
are elusive, making the acquisition of reliable data on their numbers and distribution a …

Abstract Background Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris the National Animal of India, is an
endangered species. Estimating populations for such species is the main objective for …

Abstract The Dispersal Syndrome hypothesis remains contentious, stating that apparently
nonrandom associations of fruit characteristics result from selection by seed dispersers. We …

Indices of abundance offer cost effective and rapid methods for estimating abundance of
endangered species across large landscapes, yet their wide usage is controversial due to …

Striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) are extremely rare in Nepal, and only a few people have
studied them in their natural forest and grassland habitat. Their rarity is due to anthropogenic …

Counting animals to estimate their population sizes is often essential for their management
and conservation. Since practitioners frequently rely on indirect observations of animals, it is …