Importance Parkinson disease is the most common form of parkinsonism, a group of
neurological disorders with Parkinson disease–like movement problems such as rigidity …

Simple Summary The genomics-based concept of precision medicine began to emerge
following the completion of the Human Genome Project. In contrast to evidence-based …

Parkinson's disease varies widely in clinical manifestations, course of progression and
biomarker profiles from person to person. Identification of distinct Parkinson's disease …

Importance Clinical subtyping of Parkinson disease at diagnosis is useful in estimating
disease course and survival. Severity and rate of progression of neuropathologies are …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

Importance There is increasing evidence that Parkinson disease (PD) is heterogeneous in
its clinical presentation and prognosis. Defining subtypes of PD is needed to better …

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can precede onset of motor
symptoms. Relationship between premotor symptoms onset and motor features is limited …

Background Formulas were developed to define tremor dominant (TD) and postural
instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease (PD) using the Movement …

With advances in knowledge disease, boundaries may change. Occasionally, these
changes are of such a magnitude that they require redefinition of the disease. In recognition …

Continuous high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used therapy for
advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) management. However, the mechanisms underlying …