Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are purported to be tobacco harm-reduction products whose
degree of harm has been highly debated. EC use is considered less hazardous than …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are danger-sensing receptors that typically propagate self-limiting
inflammatory responses, but can unleash uncontrolled inflammation in non-homeostatic or …

Extra-intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is defined as an extra-intestinal
foodborne pathogen, and several dominant sequence types (STs) ExPEC isolates are highly …

Inflammation is a highly regulated biological response of the immune system that is
triggered by assaulting pathogens or endogenous alarmins. It is now well established that …

An intense, nonresolving airway inflammatory response leads to destructive lung disease in
cystic fibrosis (CF). Dysregulation of macrophage immune function may be a key facet …

Carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process with the input and interactions of environmental,
genetic, and metabolic factors. During cancer development, a significant remodeling of the …

Clinical cases and experimental evidence revealed that electronic cigarettes (ECIG) induce
serious adverse health effects, but underlying mechanisms remain to be fully uncovered …

Innate immunity forms a protective line of defense in the early stages of pulmonary infection.
The primary cellular players of the innate immunity against respiratory infections are alveolar …

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of many diseases, and
is often caused by dysregulation of signalling from pattern recognition receptors, such as …